![]() ![]() It releases hormones such as leptin, which affect appetite, and is also a site of oestrogen production. Adipose tissue (fat tissue) – is recognised to be metabolically important.Other lesser known endocrine organs include: They make male sex hormones like testosterone. Testes – they hang in the male scrotal sack.They make female sex hormones like oestrogen. Ovaries – are inside the female pelvis.It also makes other hormones such as glucagon and somatostatin. It makes insulin, which controls the amount of sugar in the bloodstream. Pancreas – an organ of digestion which is inside the abdomen.Adrenaline is an example of a hormone that is under the control of the nervous system. ![]() The centre of the adrenal gland (adrenal medulla) makes adrenaline. The outside part of the gland (adrenal cortex) makes cortisol, aldosterone and sex hormones. They make a number of different hormones. Adrenal glands – there are two adrenal glands which sit on top of each kidney.The parathyroid gland is involved in calcium, phosphate and vitamin D regulation. Parathyroid gland – there are usually four parathyroid glands which lie alongside the thyroid gland.It is controlled by TSH which is produced by the pituitary gland through a feed-back loop. It releases thyroid hormone (T4 and T3) which is required for metabolism and body homeostasis. Thyroid gland – sits in the neck at the front of the windpipe.The hormones released by the pituitary gland are gonadotropins (LH and FSH), growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), prolactin, antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin. The pituitary gland is also connected to the nervous system through part of the brain called the hypothalamus. It can bring about a change in hormone production somewhere else in the system by releasing its own ‘stimulating’ hormones. It oversees the other glands and keeps hormone levels in check. Pituitary gland – is inside the brain.The main glands and organs of the endocrine system include: The pituitary gland is well known for its feedback loops. This effect on the organ feeds back to the original signal to control any further hormone release. The released hormone then has its effect on other organs. The release of hormones is regulated by other hormones, proteins or neuronal signals. One way this is achieved is through ‘feedback loops’. The endocrine system is a tightly regulated system that keeps the hormones and their effects at just the right level. The hormones can set off a cascade of other signaling pathways in the cell to cause an immediate effect (for instance, insulin signaling leads to a rapid uptake of glucose into muscle cells) or a more delayed effect (glucocorticoids bind to DNA elements in a cell to switch on the production of certain proteins, which takes a while to produce). ![]() If the hormone fits the cell wall, then it will work. A hormone can be thought of as a key, and its target site (such as an organ) has specially shaped locks on the cell walls.
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